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src="/inc/article_view.asp?id=2739"></script></div> <div id="cmaayayi0" class="maincontent clearfix"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <a ><span>濟南純水設(shè)備</span></a><a href="http:///"> http://</a>膜污染是影響膜技術(shù)實際應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵問題。國內(nèi)外關(guān)于<span>MBR</span>用于污水處理時的膜污染的報道較多<span>,</span>但其用于給水處理時的相關(guān)研究還較少。由于<span>MBR</span>用于源水處理時<span>,</span>與膜接觸的懸浮物質(zhì)、有機物等的組成、濃度和性質(zhì)都與<span>MBR</span>用于污水處理時的情形不同<span>,</span>運行操作條件也有所不同<span>,</span>因此膜污染特征也不盡相同<span>,</span>有必要考察<span>MBR</span>在凈水工藝中的膜污染特征及清洗實驗室純水設(shè)備。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 1、試驗裝置與方法<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 工藝流程：一體式<span>MBR</span>的工藝流程見參考文獻。微濾膜采用聚乙烯中空纖維膜<span>,</span>孔徑為<span>0.1</span>μ<span>m,</span>膜面積為<span>0.2m2</span>。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 采用人工配制的微污染源水進行試驗。源水由進水泵打入<span>MBR,</span>混合液在抽吸泵的作用下形成過濾出水。膜組件采用間歇方式運行<span>,</span>抽吸時間和停抽時間分別為<span>15min</span>和<span>2.5min</span>。設(shè)置在膜組件下的穿孔管連續(xù)曝氣以提供生物反應(yīng)所需的氧氣<span>,</span>并同時清除膜表面的部分污染物。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 生物反應(yīng)器按懸浮生長型和附著生長型<span>(</span>分別投加塊狀填料和<span>PAC)</span>運行。懸浮生長型<span>MBR</span>連續(xù)運行約<span>4</span>個月、塊狀填料<span>-MBR(</span>塊狀填料投量為<span>10%,</span>體積比<span>)</span>和<span>PAC-MBR(PAC</span>投量為<span>2000mg/L)</span>連續(xù)運行<span>20</span>多天后<span>,</span>將污染膜組件取出<span>,</span>進行膜污染分析及清洗。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 膜面污染特征分析：從污染后的工業(yè)水處理設(shè)備膜組件截取一段污染膜絲<span>,</span>干燥后噴鍍金膜<span>,</span>采用掃描電鏡<span>(HITACHI,S-570)</span>對污染膜的內(nèi)、外表面進行了觀察。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 膜污染清洗方法：采用的物理清洗方法有清水過濾和連續(xù)曝氣清洗<span>,</span>化學清洗方法包括鹽酸酸洗和次氯酸鈉堿洗。試驗中發(fā)現(xiàn)<span>MBR</span>中的膜污染與混凝—微濾膜組合工藝<span>(C-MF)</span>相比<span>,</span>粘性較大<span>,</span>兩種常規(guī)物理清洗方法效果較差<span>(</span>尤其是對附著生長型<span>MBR</span>膜污染的清洗<span>),</span>因此采用超聲波對膜進行了清洗。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 對膜清洗效果的評價：采用膜比通量<span>K=J/P(</span>即單位過濾壓差下的膜通量值<span>)</span>來表征膜過濾性能的高低。清洗后通過清水通量試驗采用歸一化膜比通量<span>(</span>定義為<span>K/K0)</span>來表征膜通透性能的恢復<span>,</span>其中<span>K0</span>為新膜的膜比通量實驗室純水設(shè)備。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 膜面污染特征：懸浮生長型<span>MBR</span>、塊狀填料<span>-MBR</span>和<span>PAC-MBR</span>連續(xù)運行后的污染膜外。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 懸浮生長型<span>MBR</span>的污染膜外表面為一層較厚濾餅層覆蓋<span>,</span>顆粒物質(zhì)、懸浮物質(zhì)和微生物相互粘連、沉積在膜絲外表面<span>,</span>微生物以球菌居多<span>,</span>彼此之間有較多菌絲、細絲相連。經(jīng)曝氣清洗后可見濾餅層下為一粘性凝膠層。投加塊狀填料和<span>PAC</span>的<span>MBR</span>中的污染膜外表面附著的微生物較懸浮生長型<span>MBR</span>少<span>,</span>這是因為在附著生長型<span>MBR</span>內(nèi)微生物以附著態(tài)為主。塊狀填料<span>-MBR</span>的膜外表面為一層粘性的較薄污染層覆蓋<span>,</span>顆粒物質(zhì)少<span>,</span>推測是由大分子有機物為主的物質(zhì)在膜表面吸附而形成的凝膠污染層。<span>PAC-MBR</span>的膜外表面粗糙<span>,</span>也被一層粘性凝膠層覆蓋<span>;</span>與前兩者不同<span>,</span>其污染層上沉積、附著有許多片狀、粒狀的較大塊狀物<span>,</span>推測可能是<span>PAC</span>碎顆粒<span>,</span>此外還有許多形狀規(guī)則、有棱角的方形污染物<span>,</span>可能是無機結(jié)垢物質(zhì)。利用場發(fā)射掃描電子顯微鏡及<span>X</span>射線能譜儀<span>(FSEM-EDS)</span>對上述特征污染物進行了成分分析<span>,</span>結(jié)果表明這些特征污染物是無機垢體<span>,</span>主要含<span>Ca,</span>其次是<span>Mg,</span>推測結(jié)垢物質(zhì)以<span>CaCO3</span>為主。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <a ><span>純水設(shè)備</span></a>,懸浮生長型<span>MBR</span>的膜內(nèi)表面無明顯污染實驗室純水設(shè)備<span>,</span>同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)塊狀填料<span>-MBR</span>和<span>PAC-MBR</span>中膜內(nèi)表面也均無明顯污染<span>,</span>這與膜直接過濾和<span>C-MF</span>工藝中膜內(nèi)表面以微生物為主的污染特征顯著不同。推測可能因為<span>MBR</span>對生物可利用的有機物去除率較高<span>,</span>從而減少了能到達膜組件內(nèi)部、可供微生物生長的養(yǎng)料<span>,</span>使膜絲內(nèi)表面出現(xiàn)微生物污染的可能性減少。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 膜污染的清洗<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 懸浮生長型<span>MBR</span>：對污染膜按如下步驟清洗<span>:</span>清水過濾、連續(xù)曝氣、次氯酸鈉堿洗和鹽酸清洗<span>,</span>并通過<span>SEM</span>觀察每步清洗后膜外表面形貌的變化<span>(</span>見圖<span>3)</span>。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 物理清洗<span>(</span>清水過濾和曝氣清洗<span>)</span>后膜外表面濾餅層大部分脫落<span>,</span>且膜絲外表面沿軸向兩側(cè)的形貌明顯不同<span>[</span>圖<span>3(a)</span>上半部分分別對形貌不同的兩側(cè)進行了放大<span>]</span>。由于一體式<span>MBR</span>在膜過濾和曝氣清洗過程中<span>,</span>沿膜絲軸所處不同方向的膜絲各部分受力不同<span>,</span>因此會造成膜絲表面<span>(</span>沿軸不同方向<span>)</span>的膜污染分布不均。從圖<span>3(a)</span>較清潔一側(cè)膜絲的照片來看<span>,</span>物理清洗后膜表面仍分布有一層較薄的粘性凝膠層。次氯酸鈉堿洗后<span>[</span>圖<span>3(b)],</span>膜絲大部分已清洗干凈<span>,</span>膜孔清晰可見<span>,</span>僅留有一些點狀污染物<span>,</span>清洗效果顯著。膜外表面仍有<span>(</span>沿軸不同方向<span>)</span>清洗效果不同的現(xiàn)象。經(jīng)鹽酸酸洗后<span>[</span>圖<span>3(c)],</span>膜絲表面殘留的污染物進一步減少。工業(yè)水處理設(shè)備通過清水通量試驗評價了經(jīng)各步驟清洗后的膜過濾性能的恢復情況<span>(</span>如圖<span>4</span>所示<span>)</span>。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 水污染<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 連續(xù)運行后膜組件污染較為嚴重<span>,</span>膜比通量已降到新膜的<span>5%</span>以下。清水過濾和曝氣清洗對膜過濾性能的恢復作用較小<span>,</span>說明物理清洗所清除的沉積于膜表面的由顆粒物、微生物體和懸浮物質(zhì)所組成的濾餅層污染并不是造成膜阻力的主要因素。堿洗后膜比通量幾乎完全恢復<span>,</span>說明凝膠層污染、有機污染是造成膜污染的主要原因。由于堿洗已使膜過濾性能完全恢復<span>,</span>故酸洗后的膜過濾性能與洗前相差不大。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 塊狀填料<span>-MBR</span>：對塊狀填料<span>-MBR</span>中的污染膜進行清洗時<span>,</span>發(fā)現(xiàn)污染層粘性較大<span>,</span>常規(guī)物理清洗效果不明顯<span>,</span>因此采用了以下兩組清洗方法。清洗步驟如下<span>:</span>第一組<span>,</span>高壓水沖洗<span>(5min)</span>、曝氣清洗、次氯酸鈉堿洗和鹽酸清洗<span>;</span>第二組<span>,</span>曝氣清洗、超聲波清洗<span>(30min)</span>、次氯酸鈉堿洗和鹽酸清洗。兩組清洗方法對膜過濾性能的恢復情況如圖<span>5</span>所示。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 水污染<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 高壓水沖洗和曝氣清洗均對膜過濾性能的恢復作用較小<span>,</span>而超聲波清洗作用較顯著<span>,</span>可使膜比通量恢復約<span>30%</span>。將兩組試驗進行比較<span>,</span>發(fā)現(xiàn)超聲波清洗后再堿洗對膜過濾性能的恢復作用較弱<span>,</span>說明超聲波可代替部分堿洗來清除膜面污染層中難為常規(guī)物理清洗所清除的污染物。實驗室純水設(shè)備另一方面<span>,</span>采用超聲波清洗后<span>,</span>清洗總效果提高了<span>10%</span>～<span>15%</span>。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> PAC-MBR：根據(jù)上述試驗結(jié)果<span>,</span>采用超聲波清洗<span>(120min)</span>※次氯酸鈉堿洗※鹽酸酸洗※超聲波化學清洗的步驟對<span>PAC-MBR</span>工藝中污染的膜進行清洗。工業(yè)水處理設(shè)備經(jīng)各步驟清洗后對膜過濾性能的恢復效果如圖<span>6</span>所示。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 水污染<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 經(jīng)超聲波清洗后<span>K/K0</span>恢復到<span>30%</span>。繼續(xù)進行次氯酸鈉堿洗和鹽酸酸洗<span>,</span>對膜過濾性能的恢復有較大作用<span>,</span>但膜過濾性能并未完全恢復。進一步將化學清洗與超聲波相結(jié)合<span>(</span>稱為超聲波化學清洗<span>)</span>進行清洗<span>(</span>時間為<span>2h),</span>膜過濾性能在常規(guī)化學清洗基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)提高約<span>20%,</span>說明借助超聲波在清洗液中所起的擾動作用<span>,</span>能使化學清洗劑發(fā)揮更大的清洗作用<span>,</span>且所需時間縮短。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 化學洗脫液成分：物理清洗將膜表面沉積的濾餅層清除后<span>,</span>化學清洗的對象主要是膜表面的凝膠層、吸附層和水垢層。以懸浮生長型<span>MBR</span>為例<span>,</span>分析了化學清洗<span>(</span>堿洗和酸洗<span>)</span>洗脫液中的有機和無機成分<span>(</span>如表<span>1</span>所示<span>),</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 水污染<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <a ><span>純水設(shè)備</span></a>以深入了解膜表面污染物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)由表<span>1</span>可見<span>,</span>堿洗可有效地清除微生物和有機污染物<span>,</span>酸洗可清除無機污染物<span>,</span>無機成分以<span>Ca</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 元素為主。將<span>MBR</span>化學洗脫液的污染物成分與<span>C-MF</span>工藝的結(jié)果進行了比較。與<span>C-MF</span>工藝相比<span>,MBR</span>中膜表面的有機污染物含量較高<span>,</span>可能與<span>MBR</span>內(nèi)微生物的代謝產(chǎn)物有關(guān)<span>;Ca</span>元素含量較低<span>,</span>腐殖質(zhì)組分略高<span>,</span>可能因為在<span>C-MF</span>工藝中腐殖質(zhì)組分易與混凝劑作用形成礬花而被去除。工業(yè)水處理設(shè)備將化學洗脫液的<span>pH</span>值調(diào)至<span>7,</span>用濾膜過濾法測定了溶解性有機污染物的表觀分子質(zhì)量分布<span>(</span>以<span>TOC</span>為評價指標<span>),</span>并與<span>C-MF</span>工藝進行了比較<span>(</span>如圖<span>7</span>所示<span>)</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 水污染<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> 兩種工藝條件下膜面有機污染物均以小分子有機物為主<span>,</span>表觀分子質(zhì)量<span><1000u</span>的占多數(shù)。與<span>C-MF</span>化學洗脫液的表觀分子質(zhì)量分布相比<span>,MBR</span>洗脫液中出現(xiàn)了較多的大分子有機污染物<span>,YKK</span>拉鏈推測與反應(yīng)器內(nèi)微生物代謝產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)。<span></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt;"> MBR型式不同<span>,</span>膜外表面也表現(xiàn)出不同的污染特征。懸浮生長型<span>MBR</span>膜表面濾餅層較厚、附著微生物較多<span>,</span>而附著生長型<span>MBR</span>膜表面為粘性凝膠層所覆蓋。各種<span>MBR</span>的膜內(nèi)表面基本無污染。②對懸浮生長型<span>MBR</span>的污染膜<span>,</span>物理清洗可使濾餅層大部分脫落<span>,</span>但對膜過濾性能的恢復效果較差<span>;</span>堿洗對膜過濾性能的恢復作用顯著<span>,</span>有機污染對膜阻力的“貢獻”最大。③附著生長型<span>MBR</span>的污染膜表面粘性較大<span>,</span>常規(guī)物理清洗效果差。實驗室純水設(shè)備采用超聲波清洗能使膜通透性恢復約<span>30%,</span>與超聲波結(jié)合的化學清洗效果優(yōu)于常規(guī)化學清洗。④<span>MBR</span>中的膜污染與<span>C-MF</span>相比<span>,YKK</span>拉鏈有機污染物含量較高<span>,Ca</span>元素含量較低<span>,</span>腐殖質(zhì)組分含量略高。兩種工藝條件下膜面溶解性有機污染物均以小分子物質(zhì)為主<span>,MBR</span>洗脫液中大分子有機污染物較<span>C-MF</span>增多<span>,</span>推測與反應(yīng)器內(nèi)微生物代謝產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)。<span><a ><span>純水設(shè)備</span></a></span>，<span><a ><span>實驗室純水設(shè)備</span></a></span>，<span><a ><span>濟南水處理設(shè)備</span></a></span>，<span><a href="http:///"><span>濟南去離子水設(shè)備</span></a></span>。<span> </span><span><a href="http:///"><span>濟南純水設(shè)備</span></a></span>，<span><a ><span>醫(yī)用GMP</span><span>純化水設(shè)備</span></a></span>。<span><a ><span>半導體純水設(shè)備</span></a></span>。<span> </span><span></span> </p> </div> <div id="cmaayayi0" class="prenext"> <ul><li>上一篇：<a href='/html/236790610.html' target='_blank' title='純水知識：電導率與TDS區(qū)別與聯(lián)系'>純水知識：電導率與TDS區(qū)別與聯(lián)系</a> <span id="cmaayayi0" class='ListDate'>2023/11/3</span></li><li>下一篇：<a href='/html/6945032046.html' target='_blank' title='純水設(shè)備冬天如何有效防凍的處理辦法'>純水設(shè)備冬天如何有效防凍的處理辦法</a> <span id="cmaayayi0" class='ListDate'>2023/10/30</span></li></ul> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="cmaayayi0" class="clearfix"></div> </div>  </div>  <div id="cmaayayi0" class="HeightTab clearfix"></div>  <div class="cmaayayi0" id="footer"> <div id="cmaayayi0" class="inner"> <div id="cmaayayi0" class='InnerLeft'> <p><a href="/">網(wǎng)站首頁</a> | <a href="/About">關(guān)于我們</a> | <a href="/Recruit">人才招聘</a> | <a href="/Sitemap">網(wǎng)站地圖</a> | <a href="/RSS">訂閱RSS</a></p> <p>Copyright 2016 <a href='http://' 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